Each year, many Americans suffer from different mental health conditions, like Major Depressive Disorder and Anxiety Disorders. Some seek help, while others deal with the negative symptoms alone. Stigma, mistrust, misinformation, fear, or socioeconomic status can prevent us from seeking help.

Addressing these negative symptoms is very important. They can affect several aspects of our lives, including work, social interactions, and personal relations.

Here are some important facts about mental health:

• In 2020, 21% of U.S. adults (52.9 million) experienced a mental health condition. ¹
• Due to COVID-19, the number of anxiety and depressive disorders grew worldwide. Depressive symptoms grew from about 193 million people to 246 million worldwide. This represents an increase of 28% in cases. Anxiety disorders grew from 298 million to 374 million, close to a 25% increase. ¹
• In the U.S., young adults ages 18 to 25 have the highest rate of experiencing mental health conditions (30.6%). They are followed by those ages 26 to 49 (25.3%) and adults ages 50 and over (14.5%).¹

Every year, Mental Illness Awareness Week occurs in the United States during the first week of October. During this week, various organizations come together to promote activities about mental health. This campaign aims to raise public awareness about mental health issues in support of individuals and families. While the week has passed, the importance of bringing awareness to this topic remains year-round.

Activities take place to increase understanding and support for those living with mental illness. The education and resources provided during this week can reduce stigma and other factors preventing us from seeking help.

These activities can include:

• Educational Events: Workshops, seminars, conferences, and informational sessions. They provide information about mental health conditions, treatment options, and strategies for managing mental health challenges. ² (NAMI | National Institute of Mental Health)
• Public Awareness Campaigns: Mental health organizations often launch public awareness campaigns using various mediums to share stories, statistics, and information related to mental health. These include social media, posters, and online content. ² (S. Department of Health and Human Services)
• Community Outreach: Local events, support groups, and community discussions are often organized to foster understanding and support among individuals, families, and communities affected by mental illness. ² (988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline)
• Advocacy Efforts: During this week, advocacy groups champion improved mental health services, insurance coverage, and policies that support individuals with mental health conditions. ² (NAMI | National Alliance on Mental Health)
• Media Coverage: Media outlets may cover stories related to mental health, including personal stories of recovery, interviews with mental health professionals, and discussions about the importance of mental health awareness. ² (SAMHSA | Mental Illness Awareness Week)
• Sharing Personal Stories: Individuals who have lived experiences with mental illness may share their stories to help and inspire others to seek help. ² (S. Department of Veterans Affairs | Mental Health)

We can all participate in these activities every month to learn more about mental health topics, help raise awareness, lower judgment, and be mindful of others experiencing mental health challenges.

Look out for what Magellan Federal has to offer on this topic!

¹ Mental Health Statistics. (2023, March 9). Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/health/mind/mental-health-statistics/#:~:text=Worldwide%3A%20Due%20to%20the%20COVID.

² Mental Illness Awareness Week | NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Nami.org. https://nami.org/Get-Involved/Awareness-Events/Mental-Illness-Awareness-Week.

As October comes to a close, so does the monthly observance known as National Disability Employment Awareness Month. This year’s theme selected by the Office of Disability Employment Policy was “Advancing Access and Equity.” According to the Autism Society, adults with Autism are represented in every field of employment.

In this Q&A article featuring Dr. Amy Latta, a psychologist advisor for Magellan Healthcare, we explore the question – is Autism a disability?  Dr. Latta shares her thoughts on this question below.

Q: Is autism considered a disability (from social, legal, and medical viewpoints)?

Dr. Latta: The medical and legal perspectives both view Autism as a disability. The disability is created when the individual’s impairments (social communication and social interaction, as well as restricted interests, behaviors, or activities) interfere with daily functioning.

In contrast, a social perspective views the individual with Autism as “neurodivergent”  or having a brain style that is simply different from the average or “neurotypical” person in society.  From this perspective, Autism is not a disability. The disability is created by society’s lack of acceptance of an individual with a different or “neurodivergent” brain style. Within this framework, as society becomes more inclusive of persons with Autism and adapts better to their needs, the disability fades.

Q: How do you discuss neurodivergence with a child with autism?

Dr. Latta: If you ask a group of children to draw a person enjoying something fun, do you think all the pictures will look the same? Would anyone’s drawing be the “right” drawing or the “wrong” drawing? That is neurodivergence. It means everyone’s brain functions differently. There is no right or wrong way.

Q: Please briefly outline state government disability benefits people with autism can take advantage of.

Dr. Latta: Social Security Administration’s (SSA) administers the Social Security Income (SSI) program, which provides financial assistance to children and adults with Autism. In order to meet eligibility for SSI, there are income limits and medical requirements (e.g., symptoms of Autism need to be severe enough).

Q: How does getting disability benefits differ for children and adults (especially for parents with teens about to turn 18 – do they need to go through the process of conservatorship before the 18th birthday or will their child need to show financial responsibility, such as a job or paying rent, to get the full amount of disability)?

Dr. Latta: A child (under age 18) with Autism may qualify for Social Security Income (SSI) if the symptoms of Autism are severe enough and the parents’ income does not exceed the income limit. The income limit increases with each additional child under age 18 in the family.

Once a child with Autism turns 18, the parents’ income is no longer counted (even if the child is living at home) in the calculation for SSI benefits.

If a child is going to turn 18 and needs help making life decisions as an adult, the family may want to consider providing support to the child after age 18 through guardianship, conservatorship, or power of attorney. Guardianship and conservatorship are more involved legal processes so the family will want to start this process six months before the child turns 18.

Guardianship: A trusted adult is court-ordered by a judge to make decisions on behalf of the individual. There are full and partial guardians. A full guardian can make decisions about all areas of an individual’s life. A partial guardian can make decisions about select areas of an individual’s life.

Conservatorship: A trusted adult is court-ordered by a judge to make decisions about financial affairs only.

Power of Attorney: Is a legal document that authorizes a trusted adult to make decisions about the individual’s property, finances, or medical care. Under a POA, the individual still retains the right to make decisions on his or her behalf.

National Healthcare Quality Week, observed on October 15 to 21, celebrates the many healthcare quality professionals who tirelessly work toward ensuring that quality service is delivered. This week is also a time to spread awareness of the importance of quality healthcare services and create policies that facilitate the safety of both patients and healthcare professionals.

In honor of National Healthcare Quality Week, we’re spotlighting Magellan Health’s Allie Kelley, quality specialist. Some of Kelley’s responsibilities to ensure quality healthcare include managing certain member notifications, generating internal reports for customer requirements, and assisting with EAP record requests within our Employee Assistance Program (EAP) provider network. Continue reading to learn more about Kelley’s work in healthcare quality:

What sort of projects are you currently working on?

I am brand new to the responsibility of running a Quality Improvement Activity (QIA) so I’m learning responsibilities such as barrier analysis, which examines limitations or obstacles to the efficiency of a process or desired outcome, investigating root causes, developing, and discussing interventions, and ongoing monitoring are my biggest tasks right now.  I am very excited about how this process can improve the level of service we provide to our members. It is awesome to have different department leaders come together to talk about barriers and interventions to improve identified metrics and then be able to measure the success of these interventions.

Why is Magellan Health the best place to do this project?

Magellan’s values include integrity, accountability, knowledge, collaboration, caring, creativity, and results. Every one of those values is critical to the success of any QIA. Leadership also shows great support of the overall QI department, and ultimately Magellan as a whole.

What are your thoughts on the culture here at Magellan?

I have been a part of Magellan Health for 25 years and have had the opportunity to work in many different roles. I have seen this company grow in the healthcare industry, and I have never once doubted how much Magellan cares for and believes in their employees. Magellan has been an industry leader when it comes to diversity, equity, and inclusion, and offering comprehensive employee benefits.

Beyond that, the member lives we cover, especially the most vulnerable populations, have always been the most important thing to me in every position I’ve held here. Magellan’s philosophy and mission have always aligned with this. Positively influencing the health and wellbeing of our members has always been a top priority throughout this organization.

How did you get involved with the Healthcare Quality field?

My heart and my passion have always been with our members and working to make sure they are receiving the best care possible. I am a social worker at heart, so when I read the job description for my current role, it was very clear to me that the role in a strong Quality Department is not at all separate from what my mission in the clinical department had always been! I became excited about the possibility of stepping out of my comfort zone while keeping in mind what I came here to do, which is to help people.

What are some of the most challenging and rewarding aspects of working in Healthcare Quality?

Some of the more challenging aspects have been learning the more technical side of things, while the most rewarding part of being in this department has been being a part of a team so committed to integrity, accountability, and data driven results. This is demonstrated in the preparation of the annual Trilogy documents, where everyone on the team comes together to work toward a common objective. Trilogy is our annual evaluation of the QI Program that evaluates outcomes, reviews effectiveness, assesses goal achievements, evaluates the deployment of resources, documents, and trends input from advisory groups. Seeing that final document come together was amazing. I was so proud to have contributed to that and we are getting ready to do it all over!

What does Healthcare Quality Week mean to you? Is there anything else you’d like to highlight about Healthcare Quality?

Healthcare Quality Week to me is a time to raise awareness of the positive impact healthcare quality professionals have in our organizations and communities. At Magellan Health, healthcare quality is organized around the positive influence of the health and wellbeing of individuals by identifying gaps in care and service, improving clinical outcomes, assuring patient safety, and adding value through efficiency. In healthcare quality we’re also focused on enhancing services and the individual’s experience of care. We also work to assure that all core business processes are innovative and meet or exceed contract, regulatory, and accreditation guidance while leading to system and cost efficiencies.

For more than 80 years, organizations have turned to employee assistance professionals to support their employees and people leaders dealing with issues that threaten personal wellbeing or hinder workplace productivity. Today’s most trusted expert is the Certified Employee Assistance Professional (CEAP), who is multifaceted and has a sharp focus on the Employee Assistance Program (EAP) core technology to guide their work. Here’s how and why Magellan believes obtaining a CEAP certification can benefit your professional development and help organizations receive top-tier EAP services.

What Makes Employee Assistance Professionals Unique

Fostering employee engagement and wellbeing is associated with a positive workplace culture, helps retain and attract talented employees, and contributes to higher productivity. Employer organizations have long relied on the unique blend of expertise possessed by experienced Employee Assistance (EA) professionals to support and advance their programs. Skilled EA professionals are knowledgeable in organizational culture, mental health, workplace policy, program promotion, and crisis management. They possess the ability to interact with and support all levels of the organization.

On any given day, EA professionals intervene with individual employees and family members in managing life’s challenges; furnishing opportunities for people leader development; conducting program promotion activities; and addressing organizational impacts such as preventing and coping with workplace violence, critical incident support, and crisis management. Unlike other helping professionals who often play a client–advocate role, EA professionals recognize and are bound by the principle of their dual-client relationship and maintain neutrality as well as confidentiality. EA professionals’ distinct expertise and adherence to the dual-client philosophy sets them apart from other types of helping professionals.

The Value of CEAP Certification

The Certified Employee Assistance Professional (CEAP) certification is the only EA professional credential that demonstrates mastery of the concepts and skills required by competent EA professionals. CEAP certification is a recognizable commitment to excellence and demonstrates the EA professional’s unique body of knowledge and alignment with the EAP core technology.

Voluntary certification establishes professional credibility by demonstrating the following:

• Observance of quality and industry standards
• Well-trained in your area of expertise
• Commitment to continuous professional development
• Personal drive and motivation to excel in the Employee Assistance profession

The CEAP certification process provides an evaluation of existing knowledge and skills while concurrently providing professional development. The required knowledge modules cover essential EAP components, updated industry information, exposure to international EAP, policy issues along with relevant legal issues, EAP clinical assessments, marketing, training, supervision, and program management for EAPs.

The CEAP is the gold standard in the field of employee assistance. It is the only credential that confirms proficiency in the concepts and skills required by competent EA professionals, and it is why Magellan Federal seeks to hire professionals with this designation and offer free certification for our staff. We believe that the CEAP empowers our professionals to provide exceptional EAP services to the government, our ultimate goal.

How to Become a CEAP

There are multiple pathways to becoming a CEAP, depending on your education and work experience. Many CEAPs are masters-level counselors, but there are other roles in the EA profession that do not require a counseling degree. For example, account executives, program managers, human resource professionals, and union stewards benefit from CEAP certification in their roles.  All candidates seeking initial certification should visit the Employee Assistance Professional Association (EAPA) website for more information.

This year’s theme for National Case Management Week is keeping the person at the heart of collaborative care. Celebrated the week of October 8-14, we’re recognizing the crucial role of case managers on healthcare teams. These individuals have the important responsibility navigating the complex healthcare system to facilitate care coordination and connecting members to the resources they need.

We’re spotlighting Valerie Lees, senior care manager for Magellan Behavioral Health of Pennsylvania. Lees is responsible for reviewing and approving mental health and substance use disorder services for members across five Pennsylvania counties and assisting providers with patient discharge, planning, and care coordination to provide the member with direct assistance.

Continue reading to learn more about what Lees does as a case manager and what National Case Management Week means to her:

What exciting projects are you currently working on as a case manager?

I’m excited to be part of a few very active and ongoing projects. One of them focuses on increasing care coordination, especially for those members in any kind of 24-hour level of care. Care coordination involves meeting with our 24-hour level of care treatment providers and in these meetings, we brainstorm, discuss, and collaborate on ways to assist the member to increase their community tenure. We look at many different factors, from the members’ clinical needs to their social needs.

I’m also working with a co-worker on presenting a trauma training that will be presented to all Magellan staff. This is an area of interest of mine and it’s great to be part of educating and learning about topics like trauma informed care and best practices for members who have experienced trauma.

Lastly, myself and other members of the 24-hour level of care team at Magellan will take part in a volunteer project at a local shelter in Lehigh Valley where we will be preparing and serving lunch for the shelter’s residents. It’s a wonderful opportunity to connect with the community.

Why is Magellan Behavioral Health of Pennsylvania the best place to do these projects?

Magellan has a large skilled and diverse staff, working with so many talented people does create the best environment to work on projects. Many of our members have complex needs that go beyond the clinical realm and it’s nice to have so many talented people come together to find new ways to help improve the quality of care our members receive and ultimately the quality of their lives.

What are your thoughts on the culture here at Magellan Behavioral Health of Pennsylvania? How has that culture had an impact on your projects?

I think the culture is truly one of connection and collaboration. I have always had the sense that everybody that works here, no matter what they do in what department, has a shared goal to improve the care and quality of our members lives. The Magellan managers are always encouraging my colleagues and I to think outside the box. I feel very supported in that way. It’s really a culture where projects can thrive because of this out-of-the-box thinking where people’s voices are heard.

October 8-14 is National Case Management Week. How did you first get involved with case management and what are some of the challenges and rewards of working in this field?

I started in case management when I worked in inpatient psychiatric hospitals. I met with case managers there who were discharge planning for patients and started meeting with case managers from different insurance companies as well. I started collaborating with them quite a bit, that’s when I really got a taste of case management. Ultimately, the goal is always to collaborate and figure out different ways to help people. I think that case management goes beyond just supporting people with their mental health or substance use disorder challenges, it’s all encompassing. A case manager looks at the whole person. So not only are we looking at what we can do treatment wise for any mental health challenges or substance use disorder challenges that a member may have, but we’re also looking at their social determinants of health issues as well.

What does it mean to be a case manager? Is there anything you’d like to highlight about this field for National Case Management Week?

To me it means that I get to collaborate and help people, which is what I’ve always wanted to be able to do. Being able to collaborate with people in other departments at Magellan allows me to learn new ways to assist our members. I also really enjoy collaborating with other case managers, social workers, nurses, etc. outside of Magellan. The entire process is very rewarding and fulfilling for me.

The theme for National Case Management Week this year has to do with keeping the client in the center of what we do and that’s something that I completely agree with. I see that happening every day here at Magellan and it’s an honor to be a part of it.

The opioid epidemic is a significant public health problem in the United States. In 2021, over 75% of drug overdose deaths involved an opioid.[1] Between 2010 to 2019, drug overdose mortality rates have increased by 53% among U.S. military veterans.4 Opioids include prescription opioids, heroin, and synthetic opioids. About 150 individuals die each day from synthetic opioids. 2

Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that has been associated with a significant number of overdoses in the U.S. It is considered to be “up to 50 times stronger than heroin and 100 times stronger than morphine”; thus, even small amounts of fentanyl can be deadly. 2 Pharmaceutical fentanyl has been prescribed for severe pain after surgery and with medical conditions such as cancer pain. Pharmaceutical fentanyl can be given as a patch, shot, or lozenge. Illegally manufactured fentanyl is found in liquid or powder form and is commonly mixed with other illicit substances or hidden to look like over-the-counter medications. Fentanyl is linked to a high number of overdoses and deaths. Between 2017 and 2021, fentanyl was involved in 52% of overdose cases in the military.5

Combating the Epidemic: Prevention and Treatment

The risk of overdose increases significantly when drugs are contaminated by or combined with fentanyl. Since it is difficult to taste, smell, or see fentanyl in other drugs, an individual may not know that fentanyl is present. Fentanyl test strips, used to detect whether fentanyl has been mixed with another drug, are available and can help prevent overdose. However, caution should be taken since these strips may not detect all forms of fentanyl, including carfentanil.2

Fentanyl is addictive and binds to the body’s opioid receptors in the brain, which control emotions and pain. Like natural opioids, fentanyl’s effects include drowsiness, confusion, difficulty breathing, unconsciousness, overdose, and death.3

How to Respond to an Overdose and Stay Informed

Individuals who use opioids as prescribed, those who abuse them, and persons in the general public should be aware of the signs of overdose as life-saving measures, such as halo one, are available. Signs and symptoms of an opioid overdose include small, constricted pinpoint pupils, loss of consciousness, slow or weakened breathing, cold or clammy skin, and discoloration of skin. When encountering someone who has overdosed, contact 911 immediately and administer naloxone when available.2

We recommend that persons using any form of opioids, and those who are likely to have contact with individuals using opioids, carry naloxone, which is now available over the counter and can be obtained at a pharmacy, through mail order, or through community risk reduction programs. Training for administering naloxone and learning about the opioid overdose epidemic is available, and additional information can be found through the VA’s Opioid Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution Program (OEND), state or county health departments, GetNaloxoneNow, the CDC, and the American Red Cross.

The Military Health System and Defense Health Agency provide resources for opioid overdose education and naloxone distribution, including information for patients and caregivers. Additional toolkits and naloxone distribution videos are also provided by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.

Resources

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “Understanding the Opioid Overdoes Epidemic”. Last modified June 17, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/basics/epidemic.html
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “Fentanyl Facts”. Last modified September 6, 2023, https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/fentanyl/index.html
3. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIH). “Fentanyl DrugFacts”. Last modified June 2021. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/fentanyl#:~:text=Naloxone%20is%20a%20medicine%20that,require%20multiple%20doses%20of%20naloxone
4. Bennett, Alex S et al. “U.S. Military veterans and the opioid overdose crisis: a review of risk factors and prevention efforts.” Annals of medicine 54,1 (2022): 1826-1838. doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2092896. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9262363/
5. Myers, Meghann. Military Times. “Fentanyl deaths among troops more than doubled from 2017 to 2021”. Last modified February 15, 2023, https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2023/02/15/fentanyl-deaths-among-troops-more-than-doubled-from-2017-to-2021/

The first full week in October, organizations are taking the time to recognize and celebrate their employees in customer service. Customer Service Week is an international celebration that highlights the importance of customer service and those individuals who serve and support customers daily. We’re spotlighting four Magellan Health employees who share why they chose to work in customer service, and some of their most rewarding and challenging aspects of working in this field:

• America Phinsee, care worker
• Kimberly White, outreach and engagement specialist
• Edward Daduya, supervisor, customer care
• Chelsey Aguilar, customer experience associate

Continue reading to learn more from America, Kimberly, Edward, and Chelsey on their experiences working in customer service:

Why did you want to pursue customer service and what is the most rewarding aspect of working in this field?

America: I pursued a career in customer service because I have a genuine desire to help others in a way that directly impacts their personal or professional life in a positive way. The most rewarding aspect of working in this field is going above and beyond for our members and being able to hear the joy in their voice when you deliver good news to them.

Kimberly: Customer service chose me. I have always been in a role of wanting to help people find resolutions, that is the most rewarding outcome. Being that person who gets someone the help they need and hearing the satisfaction on the other end is very rewarding.

Edward: I decided to embark on a career in customer service because of my passion for assisting individuals and resolving their concerns. The most gratifying aspect of this profession is being given the chance to make a positive change in our customers’ lives. It’s truly fulfilling to recognize that I have the capacity to aid customers in addressing their challenges and leave them with a favorable perception of our company.

Chelsey: I personally pursued customer service because I genuinely enjoy problem solving and providing service that can initially resolve issues or concerns for people seeking answers. It is crucial to understand the importance of customer service because delivery of customer service can have a major impact in someone’s life.

What are some challenges you face in this profession and how do you overcome them?

America: My biggest challenge in customer service is not knowing the answer to a question, sometimes agents are caught off guard and simply can’t answer a complex question. However, the best way to overcome this challenge is to put yourself in the member’s shoes. Ask yourself what information you would need if you were the member; then you will be able to anticipate the questions, you will find the answers, and be ready when the questions arise.

Kimberly: As much as I would like to say that every call is a success, it’s not. Sometimes it’s hard to connect with people. Some people just want to vent and are not going to be happy with me, my company, their health plan, or even themselves. In those situations, it’s my responsibility to not take it personally, to listen more than I speak, be empathetic, ask questions, and try to do everything I can to get some sort of resolution on the call. At the very minimum set up a tone so when we do talk to them again, it might be a better experience for them.

Edward: The realm of customer service often presents challenges stemming from diverse factors, including managing clients, addressing intricate problems, and striving to meet elevated service standards. To surmount these obstacles, I place an emphasis on active listening, empathy, and proficient communication. Furthermore, I maintain an ongoing commitment to training and supporting my team, ensuring they possess the requisite skills to adeptly navigate these complexities.

Chelsey: The biggest challenge that I face in this profession would be incoming calls that relate to customer grievances. It’s important to listen to the caller, learn from the mistakes, and if possible, resolve the caller’s concerns. Callers need to be reassured that they are valued, and their time is important. We can build trusting relationships with our callers by initiating a safe space for callers to voice their concern and then proactively taking the steps to get a resolution for the caller.

Is there anything you’d like to highlight about working in customer service?

America: I believe that what we do is very important. We assist our members, and their loved ones to find adequate mental health. Some calls with members are better than others, but we must always show empathy and compassion. It helps to remember that our members are looking to us for assistance and when we deliver the help, our members can get their life back on track.

Kimberly: It’s not always the easiest but there is always satisfaction in helping others. I always try to remember the phrase about how important listening is, “How can we help people if we do not listen to the problem first?”

Edward: Customer service extends beyond addressing customer issues; it involves cultivating enduring relationships. It offers a platform to embody our company’s principles and showcase our unwavering dedication to customer contentment. This dynamic domain presents a diverse array of experiences, where each day brings new challenges and continuous opportunities for learning.

Chelsey: Essentially working in this field can help you become a more mindful person because customer service can help shape individuals to be more aware of their approach and delivery to others’ concerns.

What does Customer Service Week mean to you?

America: Customer Service Week means this is the time in which we recognize, appreciate, and celebrate those on the front line, for without them, there would be no human connection over the phone.

Kimberly: It means a time for me to be happy and reflect on the impact I make within my organization and be recognized for it.

Edward: Customer Service Week holds a special significance for me as it serves as a dedicated occasion to honor and commemorate the steadfast commitment and diligent efforts of our customer care team. It acts as a powerful reminder, emphasizing the importance of the customer experience in our organization and aligning seamlessly with our foundational company values. This week is a time of reflection, celebration, and renewed commitment. It serves as a testament to our dedication to customer satisfaction, embodying our company’s values at every step of the way.

Chelsey: Customer Service Week is a time to appreciate all of those who provide services to others. Whether it’s a phone call to your insurance rep, the grocery store clerk, or the person behind the check-in desk, take the time to thank those who help you!

While sleep may appear to be a reward or special treat for some, it is a vital biological process that is necessary for optimal functioning.Without proper sleep, the body cannot adequately process new information, create memories, rid itself of toxic waste, restore energy, balance hormone secretion, and repair cells.  Inadequate length and/or quality of sleep can lead to both mental and physical challenges. (Nunez & Lamoreux, 2023)

Our Built In Sleep Cycle

Our master biological clock regulates physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle.  This process is referred to as a circadian rhythm.  Sleeping at night and wakefulness during the day is an example of the circadian rhythm.  Day light alerts the body to send messages to the brain to release hormones that promote attention, awareness, and energy.  Conversely, in the evening, hormones that produce relaxation and sleep are released.  Because the circadian rhythm is deeply rooted in our biological systems, it is difficult to sleep during the day and stay awake at night.  Even when the length of sleep is adequate, frequent awakenings and the absence of deep sleep may occur when one attempts to sleep during the day (Suni & Dimitriu, 2023).

When Life Gets in the Way of Our Built in Sleep Cycle

Individuals who work nights, early mornings, rotating shifts, or irregular hours lose one to four hours of sleep per day, as they experience problems falling asleep and staying asleep (insomnia) during non-work hours (Pacheco & Rehman, 2023). A stressful job such as a police officer (Ma et al., 2015), healthcare worker(Stimpfel, 2020) or active-duty military (Troxel et al.), coupled with non-traditional work hours, compound the problem.  One of the most often reported complaints of military members returning from deployment is a sleep disturbance.

Sleep deprivation and sleep disruption may result in consequences that negatively impact health and day-to-day functioning. Furthermore, there is a bi-directional association between sleep problems and illness, meaning that sleep problems may cause or increase symptoms of illness and illness may cause or increase sleep problems. (Medic, Willie, & Hemeis, 2017).

Short Term consequences of sleep problems consist of but are not limited to:

• Emotional distress
• Mood changes
• Problems with decision making and memory
• Problems in work performance
• Increased negative reactions to stressful situations
• Physical complaints (e.g., low level pain, cold symptoms).
• Weight gain

Potential long term consequences may include:

• Depression and anxiety
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Digestive problems
• Heart conditions
• Diabetes

Tips for Promoting Better Sleep

Many individuals do not have the luxury of changing jobs or life circumstances to resolve sleep problems.  But there some simple things you can do to increase the probability of better sleep even if your daily waking/sleeping routines are not synchronized with your natural circadian rhythm (Shriane, Rigney Ferguson, 2022).

Try making simple modifications to your daily schedule.  Some of the ideas listed below may fit better into your lifestyle than others, and some may be more effective for you than others (Suni & Dimitriu, 2023; Lammers-van der Holst et al., 2020; health.mil., 2023).

• Before sleeping, set your thermostat to a cool temperature (no higher than 68 degrees).
• Wear sunglasses on your way home from working a night shift if you plan to sleep when you arrive home. Sunlight tells your body it is time to wake up.
• Block out as much light as possible using dark shades on windows, eye masks, and turning off computers that may be emitting light.
• Block out as much noise as possible. Turn off TVs and other mobile devices, close doors, and use ear plugs.
• Spend a few minutes winding down and clearing your mind before trying to sleep.
• Avoid caffeine (coffee and energy drinks), and nicotine (cigarettes) at least 6 hours before trying to sleep.
• Avoid alcohol intake. Even though alcohol has a calming effect, it negatively impacts the quality of sleep.
• If possible, take prescribed medications at times when side effects, such as stimulating effects) won’t interfere with sleep.
• Be careful with over the counter supplements. Melatonin, a popular supplement may actually worsen sleep problems if taken at the wrong time or wrong dose.  Seek out a sleep professional for advice before using it.
• Do not eat a large meal immediately prior to sleep. The work involved in digestion may reduce sleep quality.
• Moderate exercise relieves muscle tension and promotes relaxation. Several hours before attempting to sleep, move around and stretch.

If you experience challenges falling or staying asleep for a prolonged period, and your sleep problems are causing distress and problems with daily functioning, contact your health care provider.  Sleep problems may signify other health issues.  Your health care provider can explore and address the root causes with you, suggest options that may reduce sleeping challenges, and help you get back on track.

References

Health.mil. (n.d.). Sleep Tips for Sift Workers.  https://www.health.mil/Military-Health-Topics/Centers-of-Excellence/Psychological-Health-Center-of-Excellence/Real-Warriors-Campaign/Articles/Sleep-Tips-for-Shift-Workers

Lammers-van der Holst, H. M., Murphy, A. S., Wise, J., & Duffy, J. F. (2020). Sleep tips for shift workers in the time of pandemic. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care., 20(4), 128–130. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7189699/

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